I can only conjecture. In this cartoon, a funeral procession to the tomb of the Stamp Act includes its principal proponent, Treasury Secretary George Grenville (1712–1770), carrying a child's coffin, marked "Miss Ame-Stamp born 1765, died 1766. Thomas Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (19.00.02) USA.gov, A rebus, in which pictures represent words, was a favorite amusement in the eighteenth century. The works of John Locke (1632–1704), well-known English political philosopher, provided many Americans with the philosophical arguments for inalienable natural rights, principally those of property and of rebellion against abusive governments. Thomas Jefferson. [Digital ID# ppmsca-19169], William Pether. Boston: 1766. White, August 1779. Spain regained control of East and West Florida and held vast territories west of the Mississippi River, while Britain was pushed back to Canada. [Digital ID# pga.03325], William Satchell Leney (1769–1831). with Improvements. Only six delegates, including Williams Samuel Johnson (1727–1819) from Connecticut, agreed to draft a petition to the King based on this Declaration of Rights. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (5) ", The Repeal, or the Funeral of Miss Ame-Stamp, [1766]. . Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (009.00.00) "The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected, from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years before a drop of blood was drawn at Lexington. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (005.01.00) Henry Home, Lord Kames. [Digital ID # ar003700], John Mitchell. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (17.00.04) This Revolution and Union were gradually forming from the year 1760 to 1775. A rebus, in which pictures represent words, was a favorite amusement in the eighteenth century. Etching. He opens with the very interesting observation: “A History of the first War of The United States, is a very different thing from an History of The American Revolution.” Later he adds: “The Revolution was in the Minds of the People, and in the Union of the Colonies, both of which were accomplished, before Hostilities commenced. [Digital ID# us0002_2, us0002, us0002_1], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj2. This revolution of the mind had physical consequences as Americans openly and sometimes violently opposed Great Britain’s new assertions of control. View of the Attack on Bunker’s Hill, with the burning of Charles Town, June 17, 1775. It was repealed in March 1766, but news of the repeal reached colonial cities only in May. “Declaration of Rights and Grievance,” October 19, 1765. At this point in the struggle the United States had declared its independence, captured a large British army at Saratoga, and signed a treaty of alliance with France. The Records of the British Government and the Records of all the thirteen Colonies, and the Pamphlets Newspapers and handbills of both Parties must be examined and the Essence extracted before a correct history can be written of the American Revolution. Washington and Jefferson have introduced a Custom of retiring after Eight Years, and Madison it is said will follow their Example. Many historians and contemporaries have blamed the stubborn, inexperienced, and mentally unstable monarch for the repeated British miscalculations and mistakes that led to the independence of the United States. This instant arrived here the Brig Harrison, belonging to John Hancock. Reports that the Church of England (Anglican), the established church, was going to appoint a bishop in America stoked fears of increased and oppressive government limitations on religious freedoms. [Digital ID # us0019_3a, us0019_01p1, us0019b, us0019a, us0019_1a, us0019_1b, us0019_2aus0019_2b, us0019_3b], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj15. Engraving from the original painting by Sr. Wm. Charles Thomson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (008.03.00) Revolution and the American Mind. This Revolution and Union were gradually forming from the year 1760 to 1775.”. A View of the Obelisk Erected under Liberty-tree in Boston on the Rejoicings for the Repeal of the Stamp Act 1766. At the suggestion of the Massachusetts Assembly, delegates from nine of the thirteen American colonies met in New York in October 1765, to protest the imposition by the British Parliament of a “stamp tax” on paper, legal documents, and other commodities, limits on trial by jury, and increased powers of the vice-admiralty courts. A Brother Octogenarian who can write with Such vigour of hand and mind, excites a kind of Emulation even in these old Veins. I must have been absent at that moment upon some Committee. Adams gets into the finer details of what set the American Revolution in motion. [Digital ID# us0008_1], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj9. The right to representation, political independence, separation of church and state, nationalism, slavery, the closure of the Western frontier, increased taxation, commercial restrictions, use of the military in civil unrest, individual freedoms, and judicial review were some of the salient issues that boiled up in the revolutionary cauldron of Britain’s American colonies. The right to representation, political independence, separation of church and state, nationalism, slavery, the closure of the Western frontier, increased taxation, commercial restrictions, use of the military in civil unrest, individual freedoms, and judicial review were some of the salient issues that boiled up in the revolutionary cauldron of Britain’s American colonies. Glorious News. The American Revolution was a revolution by default. . Boston residents received the information on May 16, 1766, with the arrival of a ship owned by a leading New England merchant and American patriot, John Hancock (1737–1793). "The [, Return to Creating the Declaration of Independence List, Map of the British and French Dominions in North America, with the Roads, Distances, Limits, and Extent of the Settlements, by Jno. The American Revolution Argument The American Revolution consisted of elite Whites, Native Americans, and enslaved African Americans, but these ethnicities had a variety of different perspectives. [America toe] her [miss]taken [moth]er. The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution which occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783. Map of British and French Dominions in North America, with Roads, Distances, Limits, and Extent of the Set[tlements] by Jno. Hazard Papers in the Peter Force Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (2.00.02) [Digital ID# us0007_04], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj20. [Digital ID# us0018p3, us0018p4, us0018, us0018_1, us0018_2], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj14. Letter from London merchants to John Hancock, March 18, 1766. Bowing to the pressure, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766. London: Printed for A. Millar, 1763. Letter from John Brainerd to P.V.B. Boston, Friday 11 O’Clock, 16th May 1766. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Under the rallying cry of “No taxation without representation,” Americans resisted (sometimes violently) these attempts to violate what they claimed were their natural and constitutional rights as freemen. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (002.03.00) Politically, the revolution was revolutionary because the governmental institutions Prime Minister George Grenville (1712–1770) also wanted to establish parliament’s right to levy an internal tax on the colonists. These uncertainties lead to conflicts amongst minorities, women and the poor white working class of America all because they were left without any rights to their social status due to the … When Thomas Jefferson asserted the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in the Declaration of Independence, he was influenced by the writings of Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696–1782). Hand-colored map. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (003.00.04) Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (007.05.00) [Digital ID# cph 3g05286], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj26, About | Although the final manifesto stressed a hope for the restoration of peace, Thomas Jefferson’s draft was a “Spirited Manifesto,” according to John Adams (1735–1826). Although the more than fifty merchants who signed this letter heralded the repeal, they decried the mob threats and violence visited upon British officeholders in America by the Sons of Liberty. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (5.02.00) In the fall of 1774, the Continental Congress prepared this petition to King George III stating the grievances of the American provinces and asking for the King’s help in seeking solutions. . 1804. Thomas Jefferson’s Summary View of the Rights of British America declared America’s right to rebel against an oppressive and despotic government and heralded the arrival of an independent America. Revolutions Mind Map (Branch- American Revolution ... United States government and the British Parliament officially agreed to the Treaty of Paris, which finally ended the American Revolution. By Robert L. Paquette "The world has never had a good definition of liberty." Dear Sir – Your favour of the 20th revives me. Amsterdam: I. Covens and C. Mortimer, ca. Jack Sears, Matt Gilbert, Emily Guthrie, and Ryan Segura's American Revolution mind map. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (20.03.00) The Federalists will still hold up their Pretentions and nominate their Men, however desperate their prospect may be. Who won Who lost? Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (001.04.00) Certainly George III displayed no creativity or imagination in the formulation of policies toward the British colonies in America. Publicly rejoicing in the repeal in this letter to Charles Thomson (1729–1824), Franklin attributed America’s success in obtaining the repeal “to what the Profane would call Luck & the Pious Providence.”, Letter from Benjamin Franklin to Charles Thomson, September 27, 1766. Boston: 1766, restrike printed after 1836. Hand-colored etching. The Horse America Throwing His Master. by the Marquis of Quincy. On November 26 1815, John Adams writes to Thomas McKean, and provides an extended discussion of the American Revolution. America, depicted as an Indian woman holding an American flag, rejects Britain's attempts. Marian S. Carson Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (7.03.00) Change ). The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America, the first modern constitutional liberal democracy. Hand-colored engraved map. London: Carington Bowles, 1783. However, the Stamp Act only inflamed American opposition to British rule and forced Franklin to seek its repeal. Peter Force Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (007.04.00) Inspector General | George III (1738–1820) of Great Britain had the misfortune to become king in 1760, shortly before the drive to revolution in his American colonies began to gather momentum. London: Awnsham Churchill, 1690. Looking back from the vantage point of 1818, he believed the American Revolution took place in the “minds and hearts” of the people. [Digital ID# ar010000], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj1. London: Miller, 1755. Beechey, R.A. London: J and J Boydell, ca. with Improvements. Colonial governments considered missionary work essential to their efforts to control Native Americans. I must acknowledge I contemplate with pleasure the rising Generation. During the American Revolution the snake became a symbol of patriotic unity with the motto: “Don’t Tread on Me.”, Benjamin Franklin. I remember a jocular Suggestion thrown out in a private Conversation in which Mr Samuel Adams and Mr Hancock wer present on the morning after Wilkinsons Arrival, and before Congress met: that it would be proper to present the Courier with a horsewhip and a pair of Spurrs: but I never before heard that a Motion was actually made in Congress, in jest or in earnest to that purpose. Yes, the American Revolution was a product of Enlightenment thought, but that does not mean the past was abandoned. John Locke. [Digital ID# np000009], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj0. Charles Thomson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (008.02.00) Discourses Concerning Government by Algernon Sidney with his Letters, Trial Apology and Some Memoirs of His Life. An Act for Granting Certain Stamp Duties. Manuscript. [Digital ID# ppmsca-13637], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj11. [Digital ID # ar004401], A Map of the British and French Dominions in North America, with the Roads, Distances, Limits, and Extent of the Settlements, by Jno. This Work was held in high esteem by military men: but it was nothing like an history of the Reign of that Monarck General Wilkinson may have written the military History of the War that followed the Revolution, that was an effect of it, and was supported by the American Citizens in defence of it, against an invasion of it, by the Government of Great Britain and Ireland and all her Allies black white and pied: but this will, by no means be an history of the American Revolution. The Event cannot be doubtfull in your Mind or mine. American Revolution (1775–83), insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain’s North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. A review of 'America’s Revolutionary Mind: A Moral History of the American Revolution and the Declaration That Defined It,' by C. Bradley Thompson Freed from the threat of hostile French neighbors after the British victory in the French and Indian War in 1763, Britain’s American colonies increasingly demanded rights of political and economic independence. <, Start deletion,I, End,> had I known that he had fallen in Love at Reading with so fine a Woman as his after Wife really was, my rigorous heart would have somewhat relented. This map shows that the United States replaced Great Britain as the dominant nation in the part of North America lying east of the Mississippi River. Carington Bowles (1724–1793). Marian S. Carson Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (8) Philadelphia, site of both Continental Congresses, was one of the most urban, advanced cities in America in the eighteenth century. Hand‑colored engraved map. Legal | with Improvements, A Map of the British and French Dominions in North America, with the Roads, Distances, Limits, and Extent of the Settlements, by Jno. ( Log Out /  [Digital ID# ppmsca-19160], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj17. Illuminated obelisks, made of oiled paper stretched on a wooden frame and lit from within by candles, were often created as centerpieces of celebrations such as those the repeal of Stamp Act inspired. The American won with the help of France, of course the British lost. [Digital ID# bf0002p2], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj19. What did he mean? This engraving is the only surviving visual record of this important but ephemeral form of communication in revolutionary America. Decorated with patriotic imagery and portraits of English statesmen who aided the American cause, the obelisk was destroyed by fire hours after it was erected. “Daughters of Revolution” by  the artist Grant Wood. Plan of Proposed Union (Albany Plan), 1754. Galloway's tragedy is shown in this book to have been ideological: he was a strict constitutionalist. John Adams once wrote that the true American Revolution was in the “minds of the American people,” and Thomas Jefferson once described the Declaration of Independence as an “expression of the American mind.” This talk examines the moral history of the American Revolution and its relationship to the Declaration of Independence. The writings of both men were essential to the natural rights political philosophies of America’s founders. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (007.01.00) Hand-colored engraved map. Essentially he describes a revolution of the mind in which people’s consciousness are raised as they become aware of the inability of the current governmental and economic systems to … [Digital ID# ppmsca-15709], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj10. Edinburgh, 1751. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), America’s consummate “wise man,” was among the first to imagine a national confederation. John Lodge (d. 1798). His Most Gracious Majesty King George the Third. Etching. External Link Disclaimer | The Albany Plan, calling for proportional representation in a national legislature and a president general appointed by the King of Great Britain, served as a model for Franklin’s revolutionary Plan of Confederation in 1775. They simply wanted to keep what they had always had and saw as their God given right. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (005.03.00) —Abraham Lincoln. Donate Many republican and anti-authoritarian writers from Great Britain—some convicted of sedition—were read and admired by American revolutionaries. I know not who will be Selected by the Federalists, unless it be Mr Harper of Mariland. Lecture 25 - Being an American: The Legacy of the Revolution Overview. Mitchell d.f. [London: Mary Darly, May 11, 1778]. People such as John Adams and Mercy Otis Warren believed that the British policies stimulated the minds of Americans to demand independence and expanded individual rights. London: Thomas Jefferys, ca. New Map of North America and the West Indies, Exhibiting the British Empire . America's Revolutionary Mind is the first major reinterpretation of the American Revolution since the publication of Bernard Bailyn's The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution and Gordon S. Wood's The Creation of the American Republic.. The rebus portrays Britannia as a mother urging her daughter who is planning to marry a Frenchman to jilt him and stop rebelling, a reference to the American alliance with France. Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion, in Two Parts. London: 1765. [Digital ID# us0003p4, us0003_1, us0003, us0003_2, us0003_3, us0003_4, us0003_5], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj3. Philadelphia: May 9, 1754. Engraved from a drawing by Mr. Millar. Benjamin Franklin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (018.00.03) You and I should be convinced that our Friend Governor Adams was in the right when he said that Anarchy was better than Tyranny because it was of shorter duration: if We did no know that Anarchy is always followed by more permanent Despotism. [Digital ID# us0010_01], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj12. Petition of the Continental Congress to King George III, October 26, 1774. A leading political figure in Pennsylvania, Joseph Galloway after 1776 was branded a "traitor" and a "cringing, bowing sycophantic Tory." The British government enacted the Stamp Act to raise revenue from its American colonies for the defense of North America. [Britannia toe] Amer[eye]ca. A Revolution of the Mind shows that this vigorous opposition was mainly due to the powerful impulses in society to defend the principles of monarchy, aristocracy, empire, and racial hierarchy―principles linked to the upholding of censorship, church authority, social inequality, racial segregation, religious discrimination, and far-reaching privilege for ruling groups. Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History and today you aren't going to get a blow by blow chronology of the American Revolution, and you aren't going to get cool biographical details about Thomas Jefferson or George Washington. 1768. In this letter John Brainerd (1720–1781), a missionary to the Alonquin Indians, reports on the collection of funds to further his work. [Digital ID# us0004], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj4. Future revolutionists saw the act as a harbinger of greater direct taxation and the loss of political rights. William Samuel Johnson. A Revolution of the Mind shows that this vigorous opposition was mainly due to the powerful impulses in society to defend the principles of monarchy, aristocracy, empire, and racial hierarchy—principles linked to the upholding of censorship, church authority, social inequality, racial segregation, religious discrimination, and far-reaching privilege for ruling groups. Noté /5. The Stamp Act was passed in 1765, according to Franklin, because England wanted to squash American claims of independence. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Manuscript. The American Revolution is often analyzed by historians as a conservative movement to maintain the status quo. Manuscript. Manuscript. This 1766 cartoon depicts a mock funeral procession along the Thames River in London for the American Stamp Act. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. C. Bradley Thompson. Colonists convened a Stamp Act Congress in New York in the fall of 1765 and called for a boycott of British imports. However, the American Revolution was partially conservative and partially liberal, contributing to the nuance of the issue. [Digital ID# pga.01698], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj23. No. [Digital ID# us0008_03p1], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj21, Although Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), Pennsylvania’s agent in London, had briefly supported the Stamp Act—even soliciting the position of stamp collector for friends—he quickly switched to the opposition after hearing of the angry response in Pennsylvania. Algernon Sidney. Etching. The spirited and creative qualities of Jefferson’s writing helped secure his selection as chair of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Benjamin Smith. America’s Revolutionary Mind explains the revolution—the “real” revolution as John Adams described it—that took place in the minds of the American people in years between 1761 and 1776. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (020.02.00) Engraving. I agree with you that General Wilkinson’s Talents are by no means inconsiderable. But in the present posture of Men and Things Mr King for President and Mr Harper for Vice President will not be an equal Match for Mr Monroe for President and any one of the Gentlemen of New York you have named as Vice President; or any respectable Gentleman of Pensilvania. For instance: “It was not until after the annihilation of the French dominion in America that any British ministry had dared to gratify their own wishes, and the desire of the nation, by projecting a formal plan for raising a national revenue from America, by parliamentary taxation. Mitchell, Map of British and French Dominions in North America, with Roads, Distances, Limits, and Extent of the Set[tlements] by Jno. Thomas Jefferson Library Collection, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (4) The “revolution of the mind” was taking place in Britain and the colonists were scared by it, they feared that it could lead to the end of slavery and greater rights for the native Americans. Mitchell d.f. The “Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms” puts forth the reasons for America’s rebellion that were raised in the 1775 congressional declaration. [Digital ID# us0008_02], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj22. [Digital ID # us0004_01p2, us0004_01p1, us0004_01], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj5. An Act for Repeal [of] the Stamp Act, March 18, 1766, At the Parliament Begun and Holden at Westminster.… London: Mark Baskett, Printer to the King, 1766. We are in the midst of a Rolling Sexual Revolution. The American Colonist sought not some new world order, or to establish a new groundbreaking form of government. During the winter of 1777–1778, it was occupied by the British under General William Howe. The purpose of this book is twofold: first, to elucidate the logic, principles, and significance of the Declaration of Independence as the embodiment of the American mind; and, second, to shed light on what John Adams once called the "real American Revolution"; that is, the moral revolution that occurred in the minds of the people in the fifteen years before 1776. Franklin hoped to persuade Americans to unite their governments under his “Albany Plan” of national union to protect themselves from the French and their Native American allies. Nature and tradition are routinely put in the dock, found guilty, stigmatized, and outlawed. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. ( Log Out /  In this political cartoon, angry American colonists chase a British bishop aboard a ship labeled “Hillsborough” for the British Colonial Secretary, Wills Hill, Earl of Hillsborough (1718–1793), and then use long poles to push the ship away from the dock. British forces dislodged the Americans from Bunker’s or Breed’s Hill in Charlestown, near Boston, Massachusetts, on June 17, 1775. King George refused to accept the petition, which was signed by fifty-one delegates to the First Continental Congress. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (009.02.00) A Vice President will probably be sought by the Republicans in New York. The image above is called “Daughters of Revolution” by  the artist Grant Wood. [Digital ID# cph.3a11212], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj18, Benjamin Franklin published this woodcut depicting America as a snake severed into various provinces. The act generated intense, widespread opposition in America and was labeled “taxation without representation” and a harbinger of “slavery” and “despotism” by the Americans. Widespread American opposition led to repeal of the act in 1766. Serial and Government Publications Division Library of Congress (002.02.00) [Digital ID#us0007_01], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj7. with Improvements, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, His Most Gracious Majesty King George the Third, George III, King of Great Britain, 1738–1820, The Repeal, or the Funeral of Miss Ame-Stamp, Serial and Government Publications Division, An East Prospect of the City of Philadelphia, A View of the Obelisk Erected under Liberty-tree in Boston on the Rejoicings for the Repeal of the Stamp Act 1766. .The Latter is an Essay Concerning the True, Original Extent, and the End of Civil Government. A copy of this map by John Mitchell (1711–1768) was used to define the boundaries of the new United States during negotiations for the peace treaty of 1783 that ended the American Revolution. Two Treatises of Government. I do not recollect that my impatience was ever wrought up to an higher pitch, than by the total failure of all Intelligence Official and unofficial from Saratoga, for so long a time after We had heard a confused fugitive rumour of the defeat of Burgoine. The war followed more than a decade of growing estrangement between the British crown and many North American colonists. [Digital ID# ppmsca-15713], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj6. Later he adds: "The Revolution was in… Amsterdam: Printed for I. Covens and C. Mortier, 1755–1761. . Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (20.1) It has never been entirely clear when exactly the United States was last great in the minds of Trump supporters wearing their “Make America Great Again” caps. Brainerd was instrumental in arranging for Native Americans to move from the settled lands of the colonies to lands unoccupied by English settlers in the west. Manuscript. [Digital ID# ar003900], John Mitchell. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (1) This engraving is one of the few authentic portraits of an American city before the Revolution. Mitchell d.f. Livingston, November 20, 1752. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (10.01.00) Map of the British and French Dominions in North America, with the Roads, Distances, Limits, and Extent of the Settlements, by Jno. Westminster: Wm. The Revolution was in the Minds of the People, and in the Union of the Colonies, both of which were accomplished, before Hostilities commenced. ( Log Out /  [Digital ID# ppmsca.05479], Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/revolution-of-the-mind.html#obj24. Chief among them were John Locke (1632–1704), a well known anti-authoritarian political philosopher and Algernon Sidney (1622–1683), a republican writer executed for seditious writings. Mitchell, d.f. The American Revolution, though led and fought by devout Christians, was not a Christian revolution.

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