Attempt this set of flashcards which are simple and easy and learn about the general psychology questions with us. For most psychologists, control refers to a. punishment of unwanted responses. [41] In his 1986 book Woman Abuse: Facts Replacing Myths, Lewis Okun reported that: "Kathleen Barry shows in Female Sexual Slavery that forced female prostitution involves coercive control practices very similar to thought reform. [91] Modern educational systems have also been criticized, by both the left and the right, for contributing to corporate brainwashing. The effect is said to be the annihilation of the subject's freedom and self-determination and the consequent negation of his or her personality. Start studying Psychology Chapter 4 Review. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. [34][35], Some legal scholars have argued that the brainwashing defense undermines the law's fundamental premise of free will. “Cognition” refers to thinking and memory processes, and “cognitive development” refers to long-term changes in these processes. [44][45][46] News media reports tended to support the brainwashing view[47] and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually psychologists, developed revised models of mind control. Brainwashing is said to reduce its subjects' ability to think critically or independently,[1] to allow the introduction of new, unwanted thoughts and ideas into their minds,[2] as well as to change their attitudes, values and beliefs. Invitation to the Sociology of Religion. He also pointed out that in their efforts against terrorism Western governments were also using some alleged mind control techniques. d. altering conditions that influence behavior. [45] While some psychologists were receptive to the concept, sociologists were for the most part skeptical of its ability to explain conversion to NRMs. ... 10. Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system, biopsychologists seek to understand how the brain functions in order to understand behavior. ... Social psychologists use the term _____ to refer to self-control. Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. The most common type of descriptive research is the case study, which provides an in-depth analysis of a specific person, group, or phenomenon. Physiological functions and the structure of our body work together to influence our behaviour. Fishman's attorneys notified the court that they intended to rely on an insanity defense, using the theories of brainwashing and the expert witnesses of Singer and Richard Ofshe to claim that Scientology had practiced brainwashing on him which left him unsuitable to make independent decisions. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful influence over behavior. B) most claims of sexual abuse as a precursor to DID have been proven with corroborating evidence. Locus of Control is one of the most prominent. 1. Log in, A function that translates the state of some variable (e.g., the state of stock on shelves) into a perception or signal that can be compared with a desired perception or reference signal (e.g., fully stocked) represented within the organism, A second function that does the actual comparison, subtracting one signal from the other, Positive differences from the second function, called the error signal, that are then passed to the last function, which translates the error signal into actions (e.g., restocking shelves) on the variable in question. Indeed, some behaviors are outside of one’s volitional control and by incorporating perceived behavioral control into their theorizing, Ajzen (1991) is able to account for a wider array of behaviors more accurately. In the words of Blass, ‘Locus of Control is unquestionably the most widely used personality variable in contemporary research in personality and social psychology’. The “actions” of higher-level control systems determine the reference values for lower-level systems, and the perceptions from lower-level control systems feed into higher-level control systems, allowing them to create more abstract and complex perceptions. [58] Her 1984 book, The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? In addition to requiring that science be empirical, th… [23], A bipartisan Senate Armed Services Committee report, released in part in December 2008 and in full in April 2009, reported that US military trainers who came to Guantánamo Bay in December 2002 had based an interrogation class on a chart copied from a 1957 Air Force study of "Chinese Communist" brainwashing techniques. He claimed that the concept and the fear surrounding it was used as a tool for the anti-cult movement to rationalize the persecution of minority religious groups.[69]. However, this meaning was contested, notably by radical behaviorists such as John B. Watson, who in his 1913 manifesto defined the discipline of psychology as the acquisition of information useful to the control of behavior. For Most Psychologists Control Refers to; If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. B) most claims of sexual abuse as a precursor to DID have been proven with corroborating evidence. [102] Terry O'Brien commented: "Mind control is such a powerful image that if hypnotism did not exist, then something similar would have to have been invented: The plot device is too useful for any writer to ignore. Jagacinski, R. J., & Flach, J. M. (2003). [a], The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest known English-language usage of the word "brainwashing" in an article by a journalist Edward Hunter, in Miami News, published on 24  September 1950. [15], The U.S. military and government laid charges of brainwashing in an effort to undermine confessions made by POWs to war crimes, including biological warfare. Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 38-52. In the words of Blass, ‘Locus of Control is unquestionably the most widely used personality variable in contemporary research in personality and social psychology’. The reference signals can be diverted back to the sending system as a means of anticipating or estimating the effects of the system’s actions. general phenomenon that physical and cognitive performance is improved when other people are present (and possibly watching the performer [21][22] CIA experiments using various psychedelic drugs such as LSD and Mescaline drew from Nazi human experimentation. Refer to evidence in your answer. "A locus of control orientation is a belief about whether the outcomes of our actions are contingent on what we do (internal control orientation) or on events outside our personal control (external control orientation)," explained psychologist Philip Zimbardo in his 1985 book Psychology and Life. Psychological Review, 85, 417-435. A.S.R. B) age and bone density. C) DID is most often created by questionable therapeutic practices rather than being a true disorder. Control theory for humans: Quantitative approaches to modeling performance. Manstead, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 5 Direct Experience of the Attitude Object. New York: Cambridge University Press. (2005). The methods used by scientists have developed over many years and provide a common framework for developing, organizing, and sharing information. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). 1. The relationship between conceptual and measured variables in a research hypothesis is diagrammed in Figure 2.1 “Diagram of a Research Hypothesis”. [38], Kathleen Barry, co-founder of the United Nations NGO, the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW),[39][40] prompted international awareness of human sex trafficking in her 1979 book Female Sexual Slavery. Brainwashing (also known as mind control, menticide, coercive persuasion, thought control, thought reform, and re-education) is the concept that the human mind can be altered or controlled by certain psychological techniques. [86][87][88][89], Some scholars have said that modern business corporations practice mind control to create a work force that shares common values and culture. Her attorney, F. Lee Bailey, argued in her trial that she should not be held responsible for her actions since her treatment by her captors was the equivalent of the alleged brainwashing of Korean War POWs (see also Diminished responsibility). How do social psychologists refer to the tendency to take whatever course of action does not require you to do anything (also called the default option)? In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. __F_4) A person who is blind in one eye cannot see depth and therefore cannot fly a plane. [48], Philip Zimbardo defined mind control as "the process by which individual or collective freedom of choice and action is compromised by agents or agencies that modify or distort perception, motivation, affect, cognition or behavioral outcomes,"[49] and he suggested that any human being is susceptible to such manipulation. Research into the concept also looked at Nazi Germany, at some criminal cases in the United States, and at the actions of human traffickers. Psychological control "refers to control attempts that intrude into the psychological and emotional development of the child" (Barber, 1996, p. 3296) through use of parenting practices such as guilt induction, withdrawal of love, or shaming. They had both studied the experiences of Korean War POWs. Perceived behavior control is the key difference between the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Theory of Reasoned Action. __ Psychologists study human behavior. [101] Mind control remains an important theme in science fiction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. [11] Hunter and others used the Chinese term to explain why, during the Korean War (1950-1953), some American prisoners of war (POWs) cooperated with their Chinese captors, and even in a few cases defected to their side. In 1962 The Manchurian Candidate (based on the 1959 novel by Richard Condon) "put brainwashing front and center" by featuring a plot by the Soviet government to take over the United States by using a brainwashed sleeper agent for political assassination. Bandura, A., & Locke, E. (2003). (1996). Joost Meerloo, a Dutch psychiatrist, was an early proponent of the concept of brainwashing. [29] Bailey developed his case in conjunction with psychiatrist Louis Jolyon West and psychologist Margaret Singer. Since psychologists belonging to specific ethnic groups or cultures have the most interest in studying the psychology of their communities, these organizations provide an opportunity for the growth of research on the impact of culture on individual and social psychology. If you believe that you have no control over what happens and that external variables are to blame, then you have what is known as an external locus of control. Psychologists are highly trained and will tailor a treatment plan to address the unique needs of each patient. One of his students, Titchener, founded the school of thought called structuralism. The schools of psychology that we will review are summarized in Table 1.3, “The Most Important Approaches (Schools) of Psychology,” while Table 1.4, “History of Psychology,” presents a timeline of some of the most important psychologists, beginning with the early Greek philosophers and extending to the present day. ... in which psychologists formally test whether a relationship exists between two or more variables. REFERENCES: 1.1 Psychology-Behave Yourself! )[18] Lifton found that when the POWs returned to the United States their thinking soon returned to normal, contrary to the popular image of "brainwashing. But psychologists believe that research is the best tool for understanding human beings and their relationships with others. Typically, conservatorship cases involved the elderly, mainly those suffering from dementia-related illnesses. Psychology Press, 24 July 2003 p. 28, Oakes, Len "By far the best study of the conversion process is Eileen Barker’s The Making of a Moonie [...]" from, Richardson, James T. 2009. The _____ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream. Philosophers, religious leaders, and politicians, among others, also strive to provide explanations for human behaviour. D) genetics and eye color. Conservatorship is a legal concept in the United States that grants a responsible person custody over another adult who cannot care for herself or himself, either financially and/or in daily life, due to physical and/or mental limitations. Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. General Knowledge of Psychology Quiz (True or False) __F_1) The titles "Psychologist" and "Psychiatrist" refer to the same profession. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Start studying Psychology Chapter 4 Review. Sun Myung Moon dies at 92", New Religious Movements - Some Problems of Definition, "To Keep Them Out of Harm's Way? C) DID is most often created by questionable therapeutic practices rather than being a true disorder. [76] His best-selling 1956 book, The Rape of the Mind, concludes by saying: Russian historian Daniel Romanovsky, who interviewed survivors and eyewitnesses in the 1970s, reported on what he called "Nazi brainwashing" of the people of Belarus by the occupying Germans during the Second World War, which took place through both mass propaganda and intense re-education, especially in schools. What do psychologists mean by the term compliance? latent _____ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy. In 1981, an Italian court found that the concept is imprecise, lacks coherence and is liable to arbitrary application. Powers, W. T. (1978). "[19], In 1956, after reexamining the concept of brainwashing following the Korean War, the U.S. Army published a report entitled Communist Interrogation, Indoctrination, and Exploitation of Prisoners of War, which called brainwashing a "popular misconception". ", "Brainwashed! C) self-esteem and popularity. ____x_ Psychologists study animal behavior. Most theories in industrial and organizational psychology describe the relationships between variables, generally across individuals rather than across time. 60. [90] They have linked "corporate brainwashing" with globalization, saying that corporations are attempting to create a worldwide monocultural network of producers, consumers, and managers. The fear of mind control is equally as powerful an image. Key Terms psychology – the scientific study of behavior and mental processes by Exercises 1. Some control systems monitor the operation of other systems and act on those systems by changing the three kinds of core functions described earlier. Psychologists aren’t the only people who seek to understand human behaviour and solve social problems. Conscientiousness. One key difference between authoritarian and authoritative parenting is in the dimension of [33], In 2003, the brainwashing defense was used unsuccessfully in the defense of Lee Boyd Malvo, who was charged with murder for his part in the D.C. sniper attacks. [68], In 1999 forensic psychologist Dick Anthony criticized another adherent to this view, Jean-Marie Abgrall, for allegedly employing a pseudo-scientific approach and lacking any evidence that anyone's worldview was substantially changed by these coercive methods. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 338-375. [57][62][63][64][65], James Richardson observed that if the new religious movements had access to powerful brainwashing techniques, one would expect that they would have high growth rates, yet in fact most have not had notable success in recruiting or retaining members[66] For this and other reasons, sociologists of religion including David Bromley and Anson Shupe consider the idea that "cults" are brainwashing American youth to be "implausible. [27][28], In 1974, Patty Hearst, a member of the wealthy Hearst family, was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, a left-wing militant organization. 1. Scholars of Cults Accuse Each Other of Bad Faith", "Unification Church founder Rev. Romanovsky noted that very soon most people had adopted the Nazi view that the Jews were an inferior race and were closely tied to the Soviet government, views that had not been at all common before the German occupation. The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? In the words of Carlson, Locus of Control is undoubtedly the single most popular topic in current personality research. Brainwashing (also known as mind control, menticide, coercive persuasion, thought control, thought reform, and re-education) is the concept that the human mind can be altered or controlled by certain psychological techniques. Usually this is called a feed-forward process; it is control theory’s conceptualization of human thinking. Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. ", "Brainwashing and the Cults: The rise and fall of a theory", "Word dictionary - 洗腦 - MDBG English to Chinese dictionary", "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals", "Report says top officials set tone for detainee abuse", "Louis J. Locus of Control is one of the most prominent. Put a check mark by each statement that is true regarding psychology. In addition to interviews with 25 Americans and Europeans, Lifton interviewed 15 Chinese citizens who had fled after having been subjected to indoctrination in Chinese universities. Most modern-day psychologists agree there are five major personality types. [7][8], The Chinese term xǐnăo (洗腦，"wash brain")[9] was originally used to describe the coercive persuasion used under the Maoist government in China, which aimed to transform "reactionary" people into "right-thinking" members of the new Chinese social system. Control theory has also been criticized for its complexity. Afterwards, he would sign settlements that left those stockholders empty-handed. Hunter was an outspoken anticommunist and was alleged to be a CIA agent working undercover as a journalist. [6][52][55][56], Eileen Barker criticized the concept of mind control because it functioned to justify costly interventions such as deprogramming or exit counseling. On the self-regulation of behavior. A subgenre is corporate mind control, in which a future society is run by one or more business corporations that dominate society using advertising and mass media to control the population's thoughts and feelings. Anxiety disorders are very treatable. Since psychologists belonging to specific ethnic groups or cultures have the most interest in studying the psychology of their communities, these organizations provide an opportunity for the growth of research on the impact of culture on individual and social psychology. [10] The term punned on the Taoist custom of "cleansing / washing the heart / mind" (xǐxīn，洗心) before conducting ceremonies or entering holy places. conformity. Quantitative analysis of purposive systems: Some spadework at the foundations of scientific psychology. Orwell's vision influenced Hunter and is still reflected in the popular understanding of the concept of brainwashing. Also since James defined it, the term more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation. A cognitive architecture developed at the Carnegie Mellon University, ACT-R stands for Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational, and defines the perceptual and irreducible operations performed by the human mind to complete a task. [16] After Chinese radio broadcasts claimed to quote Frank Schwable, Chief of Staff of the First Marine Air Wing admitting to participating in germ warfare, United Nations commander Gen. Mark W. Clark asserted:[17], Beginning in 1953, Robert Jay Lifton interviewed American servicemen who had been POWs during the Korean War as well as priests, students, and teachers who had been held in prison in China after 1951. [57] She has also criticized some mental health professionals, including Singer, for accepting expert witness jobs in court cases involving NRMs. These include various maladaptations related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions.See glossary of psychiatry.. Scope of Psychology: The field of psychology can be understood by various subfields of psychology making an attempt in meeting the goals of psychology. Binet and Simon developed what most psychologists today regard as the first intelligence test, which consisted of a wide variety of questions that included the ability to name objects, define words, draw pictures, complete sentences, compare items, and construct sentences. This report reviews the literature on this subject, proposes a new way of conceptualizing influence techniques, explores the ethical ramifications of deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control, and makes recommendations addressing the problems described in the report. P 93 (c)1979 by John Marks Published by Times Books, Shifting the Blame: How Victimization Became a Criminal Defense, Saundra Davis Westervelt, Rutgers University Press, 1998. page 158, Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe, James T. Richardson, Springer Science & Business Media, 6 December 2012, page 518, Mental Condition Defences and the Criminal Justice System: Perspectives from Law and Medicine, Ben Livings, Alan Reed, Nicola Wake, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 27 February 2015, Page 98, Freedom and Criminal Responsibility in American Legal Thought, Thomas Andrew Green, Cambridge University Press, 27 Oct 2014, page 391, LaFave's Criminal Law, 5th (Hornbook Series), Wayne LaFave, West Academic, 18 March 2010, pages 208-210, Alessandro Usai "Profili penali dei condizionamenti mentali, Milano, 1996, Woman Abuse: Facts Replacing Myths, Lewis Okun, SUNY Press, 1986, page 133, Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States, Rita Nakashima Brock, Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite, Fortress Press, 1996, page 166, Phil Zuckerman. "[100], The science fiction stories of Cordwainer Smith (pen name of Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (1913-1966), a US Army officer who specialized in military intelligence and psychological warfare during the Second World War and the Korean War) depict brainwashing to remove memories of traumatic events as a normal and benign part of future medical practice. The depth of history and explanation as benefit and bane for psychological control theories. Brainwashing (also known as mind control, menticide, coercive persuasion, thought control, thought reform, and re-education) is the concept that the human mind can be altered or controlled by certain psychological techniques. Yen Lo, of the Pavlov Institute. "[43], In the 1970s and 1980s, the anti-cult movement applied the concept of brainwashing to explain seemingly sudden and dramatic religious conversions to various new religious movements (NRMs) and other groups that they considered cults. "[35], Italy has had controversy over the concept of plagio, a crime consisting in an absolute psychological—and eventually physical—domination of a person. A) most clinical psychologists agree that DID is a valid psychological disorder. A) most clinical psychologists agree that DID is a valid psychological disorder. ("Menticide" is a neologism coined by him meaning: "killing of the mind.") Psychologists focus their attention on understanding behavior, as well as the cognitive (mental) and physiological (body) processes that underlie behavior. Wiener, N. (1948). [93], In George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four the main character is subjected to imprisonment, isolation, and torture in order to conform his thoughts and emotions to the wishes of the rulers of Orwell's fictional future totalitarian society. Wundt launched the study of psychology as a formal academic discipline. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. ____x_ Psychologists study emotions and mental processes. Families of converts to NRMs have attempted to invoke brainwashing theories to satisfy conservatorship statutory guidelines. [25][26] The 1969 to 1971 case of Charles Manson, who was said to have brainwashed his followers to commit murder and other crimes, brought the issue to renewed public attention. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. Most of them want to give the money to a local charity. cataplexy. The scientific method is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures scientists use to conduct research. It has also been raised in child custody cases. Physiological functions and the structure of our body work together to influence our behaviour. Key areas of focus include sensation and perception, motivated behavior (such as hunger, thirst, and sex), control of movement, learning and memory, sleep and biological rhythms, and emotion. Physiological Psychology: In the most fundamental sense, human beings are biological organisms. "[55] He concludes that the concept of brainwashing has been unfairly blacklisted. A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between A) neurotransmitters and depression. According to the textbook, do most psychologists today believe that people have free will? [10 marks] One type of conformity is compliance. Referred to as the "five factor model," everyone possesses some degree of each. APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control, Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism, Unethical human experimentation in the United States, "The Rape of the Mind: The Psychology of Thought Control, Menticide, and Brainwashing", "Report of the APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control (DIMPAC report)", "Mind Control: Psychological Reality or Mindless Rhetoric? And in the end courts, including in Israel, rejected expert witnesses who claimed there is "brainwashing. Binet and Simon developed what most psychologists today regard as the first intelligence test, which consisted of a wide variety of questions that included the ability to name objects, define words, draw pictures, complete sentences, compare items, and construct sentences. [70][71] In 2016, Israeli anthropologist of religion and fellow at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute Adam Klin-Oron said about then-proposed "anti-cult" legislation: In the 1980s there was a wave of ‘brainwashing’ claims, and then parliaments around the world examined the issue, courts around the world examined the issue, and reached a clear ruling: That there is no such thing as cults…that the people making these claims are often not experts on the issue. He later emigrated to the United States and taught at Columbia University. D) the diagnosis of DID has dropped nearly a hundredfold since 1979. "[103], Media related to Brainwashing at Wikimedia Commons, Several terms redirect here. West, 74, Psychiatrist Who Studied Extremes, Dies", "Stressed to Kill: The Defense of Brainwashing; Sniper Suspect's Claim Triggers More Debate", "Brainwashing and the Cults: The Rise and Fall of a Theory", "What messages are behind today's cults?

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