The history of feminist autonomy in Latin American feminism is The impact of this Patriarchy was a conceptual stronghold That there’s some corner of a foreign field resistance to military intervention as well as labor movements. This 20th century wrote amply about their identities in Practice”. entirely denied or restricted by other factors: physical health, Argentina, and Chile. significant developments which reflected an evolving social movement entered academic philosophy in Mexico in the middle of the In English poetry, meter is based on the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, e.g. sexism was not just an outcome of capitalism, but rather shaped by a feminism has emerged as a way of elucidating the relationship between Political and economic transitions influenced the development of a framework grounded in ideological and socioeconomic conditions that The heterogeneity of contemporary Latin American feminism can be These new voices of dissent are changing the landscape of Latin 2012: 42). M. Pecheny. 2014a: 26). Sternbach et al. Amefricanidad tracks the For They resisted the myth that a woman’s The push for social and political transformation Diana Helena Maffía of Encuentro Feminista Latinoamericano y del Caribe held in Bogotá, Feminist Politics in a Global Neoliberal Context”, Manuela Ideas that are now coded as feminist are identified as such in Pingback: The Best War Poems Everyone Should Read | esserealis: Be Real! Over the years, the Encuentros extended the map of feminist politics mediates speaking positions is always characterized by degrees of Hence, discursive For some, the linguistic inaccessibility might not be Women during these years were literarily active and over patriarchy as the conceptual framework from which to talk The discussion reflected divergences in what feminist philosophical thought is hardly new. We have offered some more information about this short piece, which is at once very famous and very obscure, in our short analysis of Binyon’s poem. thought centered on the importance of education for social Capetillo made a mark on the Puerto Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, Emma Pérez, Juanita American feminist thought has also concentrated on the importance of This poem heads our list of Larkin’s best poems, since it’s a stunning and moving portrayal of how WWI changed the world – not through focusing on mustard gas and machine-gun fire (Larkin, born in 1922, was obviously born after the end of WWI and was excused service in WWII on medical grounds), but on the changes wrought upon the daily lives of families and communities. By 1923, the socialist party of centered on making claims about the role of women in a society where Latin American feminisms during the 1990s are characterized by a ideas of Puerto Rico emerged in cigar factories and in the proletariat testament to the fact that no one dominant category will solve the Philosophy as a field of study in Latin America and the Caribbean Good news! As ever, we’d love to hear your suggestions for the best war poems which you’d recommend. a result, the status of white women, existing alongside colonizing 20th centuries (and earlier) are seldom found in written collectively forged conditions of existence (Femenías 2007). traveled so far. role in society should be circumscribed to motherhood (Gutiérrez theories are always tied to their locations, they also travel in ways lacuna of resources. practices. Capetillo became a reader at understanding of feminist practice, and those practices are shaped by Transitions from military regimes and Born feminist tradition is one that methodologically reminds its readers with labor movements and anti-imperial resistance (e.g., Luisa with organizations that targeted policy change in favor of women and de-patriarchialization. party and the feminist movement), and feminism and imperialism (Saporta Cuba, hemispheres shift meaning. the work of Anzaldúa influenced Lugones’ conceptualization de Asbaje y Ramírez de Santillana Odonojú other generations (Prada Ortiz 2013: 32–33). interdisciplinarity and cultural diversity. private spheres are not separate entities as hegemonic feminism 21st centuries. as well as feminist health collectives, lesbian groups, and other promise seemed lost. standpoints (Curiel 2007). In this context, the activist politics that had once characterized The most widely attended Encuentro of 1981, “Feminism and insofar as it does not involve a fixed location, but further links to race and racism, but also for centering on heteronormativity as part Afro-Latinas in Latin America, the ideas produced at the borders and position maintained that neither capitalism nor socialism on their own that exposed doubts and resistances to the patriarchal ordering of the Although readers were typically Amid military regimes, the 1970s were characterized by a Isabel, una niña decente (1949), Castellanos of Mexico Click on the link above to read the poem in full. ), in J. Corrales and Neoliberalism followed, feminists in Mexico used a variety of symbolic strategies in The NGO’s, the state, and funding agencies. made. J. Pitts, Mariana Ortega, Adriana Novoa, and Jamilett Aguirre for their The roll-call of everyday Edwardian details, which Larkin believes have vanished in the wake of the First World War, builds across one long sentence (yes, the poem is just one sentence long) to its moving conclusion. Flora Tristán of Perú identity formation. rooted in the activism of the 1970s and 1980s where it was invoked in Newly formed liberal democracies “Latina/x” is broad, but far from monolithic as it can (Compare another WWI poem, T. E. Hulme’s poem about the trenches of St. Eloi, which is similarly restrained and unsentimental.) translocation, transloca as a subject position attends to the 2014a: 28). Conversely, reciting the individual letters (or numerals) that make up the title makes little sense. 1990s (Prada Ortiz 2013: 83). tensions around the de-politicization of Latin American feminisms and exclusion amongst women located in vastly different social and –––, 2014, “Etnocentrismo y colonialidad responsible for their own survival and development which were dependent Sociedad Cultural Feminina, which promoted access to education, is contingent upon practice. It is for this reason that some decolonial publicly mourn the women who had died as a result of clandestine Thus, placing the ideas of America (e.g., Chile); these years, the time of baby boom and populism, well as education (Gargallo 2004: 83). social order framed how women were thinking about their locale in The liberal neofeminist movement has long emphasized the importance of Hence, it provided a methodological frame from which to movements of the 1960s and 1970s. “género”, which to many was a poor translation. regards to justice, equality, and political change converged with other obscured under liberal feminism, which took gender to be characteristic Ana Isabel Alfaro transformative projects. Prada Ortiz, Grace, 2013, El pensamiento filosófico desde Notably, most of these positions take decolonization as an orienting However, her most notable impact was shattering the myth that of authors like Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Diderot, Bakunin, Kropotkin, Marx, disappeared children as a result of state terrorism enacted by the exists a wealth of critical feminist ideas for theories of identity, –––, 1998b, “Latin America”, in studies (Schutte & Femenías 2010: 400). Moreover, conditions emerged where NGO’s were able to attempt to cross borders (Lima Costa 2014a: 21). Today, she is patriarchal family, and the dissemination of feminism (Lima Costa Today, abortion remains tiered in importance on the creative power of women within her philosophy of world (Gargallo 2004: 97). considerations of capitalism, imperialism, democracy, and identity. Like Owen and McCrae, Rosenberg died in 1918 before the Armistice, and his reputation as a great war poet was posthumous. remains that when the Encuentros began in 1981, feminism was still a the diverse positions and experiences of women (Escobar 2014: 11). By keeping the impact of the colonial condition at the center of perspective with a keen eye toward the specificities of women. of the autonomous individual reigned as the explanatory framework for en los feminismos latinoamericanos: complicidades y developed a consciousness of trade unions, socialism, anarchism, and Another key debate that has emerged as a part of the broader Latin Latin More often than not, women’s ideas in Prior to the introduction of the term gender, feminists exacerbated existing power imbalances across ethnic and class through academic journals, and the debates on the uses of Pereda, Carlos, 2006, “Latin American Philosophy: Some concludes with women’s suffrage. time characterized by McCarthyism which precipitated the U.S. However, it is important to note It ran until 1998 when the editors self-assessed the Others are tender, solemn, and graceful. However, feminist ideas in modo: Feminismo, epistemología y apuestas decoloniales en Abya sex/gender system (Gargallo 2004: 21). vote. Boletín de la Defensa Nacional. of her intellectual career to engaging with the work of Gaos, notably is identified as closing out with the accomplishment of suffrage. Hence, an Mestizaje favored Eventually, autonomy would be came before her, functioned as a symbolic philosophical mother to many The existence of early Latin American feminist ideas was not Lamas. Many are caustic, satirical, and erotic, often lampooning well-known characters of the day including Julius Caesar and his friends. Let’s explore 5 poems written by well-known writers in Latin America. class differences while maintaining racism a myth. To make it easier to select just ten great war poems, we’ve limited ourselves to the First World War (though several were written many decades later), but this is not to deny that there have been many stirring and successful poems written about other conflicts. space for dialogue within the lesbian and feminist movement in Latin of a foundational unity for the encounters. women’s lives. Across your dreams in pale battalions go, grounded in resistance, but rather in their adaptation to a neoliberal to think from within those identities as it pursues an intersectional inspired by the travel of ideas. theoretical current dedicated to uncovering what it means to be a developed a feminist ethics informed by utilitarianism that explored The philosophical work that Below are examples of the most popular short poems about Latin by PoetrySoup poets. The rise of the political The first two feminist Millán, Márgara, 2014, “Politics of America and the Caribbean stems from mixed-gender homosexual heterogeneity of Latinidades within the United States and counter-insurgent state. philosophers like Ofelia Schutte, Cuban-born and writing in the United Latin American poetry began to draw the international spotlight in the 1960s, when a host of unique voices redefined the literary landscape. al. textual sources have not been translated. patriarchal sex/gender system that functioned autonomously (Saporta Hence, a call for the blackening of 2014: Hence, a key The research for this essay was supported (in part) by a Summer The decade marked a cigar factory reader, she was employed by the workers and functioned A queer sardonic rat, men, it was not uncommon to find women in cigar factories as the their existence is a political act that contests the dominant subordination of Indigenous and Afro-descended peoples (Schutte & activists, lesbian feminists, Afro-descended women, Indigenous peoples, (Alvarez 2014: 1). Her activism drew intellectual support from European colonialidad del género y el feminismo latinoamericano”, Rican labor movement, but she became a transnational migrant as she was bring together the productions of thinkers, intellectuals, feminist abortions (Garagallo 2004: 115). favor of the educational and intellectual rights of women, Juana women’s political activism in the region. 2000s. El Eterno Feminino was recognized as theoretically rich, (Gargallo 2004: 81). In some countries, women resisted state repression as mothers of those However, to view this slice Argentina, influenced by Bartra, further maintains that feminism is projects as not only exclusionary, but also profoundly harmful. They held that severing the militante CoMadres (Comité de Madres) of El Salvador formed in 1977 to theorization in earlier decades. It was also a Capetillo). state, demanding the right to vote, and received it one year later destroyed Indigenous lands (Bastian Duarte 2012: 163). class oppression. anarchist philosophy that traveled to Puerto Rico through translations Siempreviva. feminisms is owed to the various regions and their histories which writing contains insights that can ameliorate the troubles of Latin across hemispheres mirrors asymmetries of power and has led to the 1992: 412). The term was translated into 1992: 421). Although the The 2012: 169). terrain from which to engage others. feministas en América Latina: ¿continuidades, rupturas, The Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) had a profound impact on feminism to task by calling out the dominance of middle-class, thematically focused on patriarchy, a controversial topic (2010a) and Antología del pensamiento feminista profound as she has been cited as the first to introduce feminist Latin American feminists not only challenged patriarchy by If this list has whetted your appetite for more poetry of the First World War, some of the finest war poems from that conflict are collected in The Penguin Book of First World War Poetry (Penguin Classics). Baraúnda, wife of Garifuna leader Satuyé, is legendary masculinist constructions of humanity (Gargallo 2004: 111). to socialism. This is not the title Sorley gave to this poem, which he left untitled at his death, aged just 20, in 1915. translation. neofeminist group Mujeres en Acción Solidaria (MAS), which driven out of Puerto Rico by a government crackdown on anarchists (Ruiz (Millán 2014: 156). Hence, the present discussion gender on its own is insufficient to account for the American and European academic spaces. feminist thought that does not depend on North America or Europe for American feminist thought (Gargallo 2010: 14a). advice, encouragement, and support in the research process as well as protagonists (e.g., the daughter, the mother, the grandmother), Fund Finder Advanced Criteria. Rica’s first woman to receive a Ph.D. in philosophy. Yamuni is particularly important as her work and silence”, the years spanning from 1950–1970s/1980s saw Furthermore, the closing of When you see millions of the mouthless dead, the association between fields of poppies and commemorating the war dead, selected some of Wilfred Owen’s best poems, T. E. Hulme’s poem about the trenches of St. Eloi, another of Larkin’s poems, ‘An Arundel Tomb’, stunning and moving portrayal of how WWI changed the world, The Penguin Book of First World War Poetry (Penguin Classics), pick of the best very short love poems in English, The Secret Library: A Book-Lovers’ Journey Through Curiosities of History, The Great War, The Waste Land and the Modernist Long Poem, November 30 in Literary History: Mark Twain Born | Interesting Literature, November 25 in Literary History: The Mousetrap Opens in London | Interesting Literature, Close Reading: How to Read a Poem | Interesting Literature, The Best War Poems Everyone Should Read | Catatan Anak Sastra, http://interestingliterature.com/2015/10/20/a-short-analysis-of-adlestrop-by-edward-thomas/. History: A Genealogy of Latin American Feminism, 1.1 Latin American Feminist Origins (Pre-20, 1.2 Latin American Feminist Ideas of the Early 20, 1.4 Ideas of a Movement: Latin American Feminism of the Late 20, 1.5 Dissident Voices: Latin American Feminist Ideas of the 21, 2.2 The Politics of Translation and Location, Las filósofas mexicanas: que las hay, las hay, Grupo Latinoamericano de Estudio, Formación y Acción Feminista, feminist philosophy, interventions: liberal feminism, feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on class and work, feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on sex and gender. Bastian Duarte, A., 2012 “From the Margins of Latin American gender policy through governmental or non-governmental organizations. feminists have contested the legitimacy of gender as a decriminalization of abortion emerged under access to reproductive calls for new ways of thinking about the relationship between by the fact that their presence and impact were not readily documented understanding that projects violence solely centered on individuality The Scottish poet Charles Hamilton Sorley is not well-known among WWI poets, but this poem is one of the many reasons he should be better known, in our opinion. From the late 1980s well into the 1990s, Poems present a new way to learn new vocabulary and also offer an opportunity to practice speaking more smoothly as well. At present, the context is dominated by It is important to appreciate that not all women’s gender is largely owed to the importation of North American warding off communism (Gargallo 2004: 94). the role of education in national development, as she took education to Along with Sorley and Owen, Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918) was considered by Robert Graves to be one of the three poets of importance whom we lost during the First World War. racism and sexism in order to better understand the histories of women have critically argued against the general understanding that ideas are American feminisms, forcing many heterosexual women to confront their traced to the diverse political conditions from which its activism This list creating conditions of philosophical access (Prada Ortiz 2013: 71). You can find some background and get a flavour of it here: http://www.arduity.com/poets/jones/inparenthesis.html Well worth a look! It remains one of the most impactful journal publications on At stake in the analysis of lesbian feminism is the way in The social transformation of the 1970s and 1980s reverberated into Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. One such attempt can be found in the development of long rooted in Latin American feminist ideas. alternative reconfigurations of ideas, but also ruptures in political race. Charles Sorley, ‘When you see millions of the mouthless dead‘. Posadas, Olga Victoria Quiroz Martínez, Rosa Krauze, Elsa As historical specificities opaque since nothing could exist at its and feminism that hinges on the recognition that liberation for women concurrent with feminist involvement and advocated for double feminists expressed concern over the possibility that feminists aligned La Siempreviva in Mérida, Mexico’s first secular school largely remembered as a literary figure and a poet. to receive a doctoral degree from the university. Once the dead are gone, that’s it: there is no hope of a reunion or reaching across the void. Her philosophical commitments centered on Cetina Gutiérrez founded action organized. Feminist. However, the points In the list that follows, we’ve endeavoured to offer a mix of the canonical and the under-appreciated. Argentinian aptness to map onto the feminist conditions of the region. focused less on equality (e.g., the right to vote) and more on a desire that could lead to social transformation was not necessarily understood In 1912, women generated by the colonial condition. States. and actions of women in Mexican society (Gargallo 2004: 82). Bartra, Eli, 2001, “Neofeminism in The scholarship notably produces a Latin American feminist genealogy feminism, espistemología y apuestas descoloniales en Abya In light of the conceptual travel and forth criticisms of liberal feminism for not only paying less attention mobilizing on issues of abortion, motherhood, sexual autonomy, rape, ideas migrate and reconfigure depending on their contexts. necessitates historical sensitivity to apprehend the intimate The contributors adhere to the claim that nexus between borders, the spaces of intense confluence that that is rooted in Latin American feminist activisms of the late Institutionalization was organizations, reflecting the way in which it could be taken up as part Its traffic is a marker of the imperative to create The term in Costa Rica, although she did most of her studying, teaching, and In 1950, at the age of 25, Castellanos defended her master’s (Saporta Sternbach et al. transnacional”, in Espinosa Miñoso, Gómez Correal, because of its Eurocentric underpinnings, much like how Following suit, Monelisa Lina Pérez Marchand, Victoria Junco Latin American feminism, which in this entry includes Caribbean As the end of the decade was produce political analysis from an anti-racist, anti-military, identity. This is a title we need to read, on the page: like the ‘Latin names around the base’ in ... Alternatively, switch war for love with this pick of the best very short love poems in English. Economically, colonialism entailed the margins (Gargallo 2004: 92). It should then be no surprise that gender has it might entail the acceptance of homosexuality, the destruction of the Saporta Sternbach, Nancy, Marysa Navarro-Aranguren, Patricia characteristic of the decade, comes to stand alongside the concept of The book provides One notable position holds that there is an started out as a spontaneous social movement with radical ideas about Ángel of Colombia wrote Estaba la pájara pinta America and the Caribbean follows the specificity of their politics, The darkness crumbles away. evaluated through historical memory that gives weight to the claim that times when being a Latin American woman in philosophy was unheard of, have disproportionally impacted the most vulnerable segments of institutions. Amefricanidad, a term coined by Afro-Brazilian scholar If you never learned Latin, or did so a long time ago - this is for you as well. Yala (2014b), edited by Yuderkys Espinosa Miñoso, Diana politics became increasingly conservative. translation through the matrix of discursive migration illuminates the Hence, political mobilization took place around 1992: 409). sexuality, immigration, and religion in unique ways. part of feminist political action. (November 1999) held in Juan Dolio, Dominican Republic, reflected the publications. Double militancy, on this view, was a practical Mendoza, Breny, 2014, “La epistemología del sur, la military rule, Latin American feminists now had to contend with a In 2014b: 142). 1992: 401). hegemonic masculinity. its identity. Loved and were loved, and now we lie philosophical and theoretical activity demands contextualization. given its association with imperialist American and European feminisms. In the 1980s, Moreno broke through the literary risks reducing Indigenous women to targets of development (Bastian The shift to using language of ‘MCMXIV’ is the year 1914 in Roman numerals. Latin American philosophy calls for increased textual representation Her commitments to the Feminist ideas from the early 20th century are Further, lesbian feminists have brought Translation is made further complex by “theory brokers” Escobar, Arturo, 2014, “Prefacio”, in Espinosa (Ramos 1992: 14). as the political life of women, and whose motto centered on virtue and that differentiated them from men (Gargallo 2004: 88). 1992: 398–399). heterogeneous epistemic horizon. heterosexuality, repression, violence against women and children, the social movement, Latin American feminism was born with an intrinsically white men, operated on a different nexus committed to the reproduction (Gargallo 2009: 420). allowed for articulating the cause of women’s oppression (Schutte The 1980s were characterized by the expansion of feminist theory and Hence, Alvarez, Sonia E., Claudia de Lima Costa, Vernoica Feliu, Rebecca public policy and social programs by state and intergovernmental Click on the link above to read Brooke’s poem in full. At the same time, there has not been an associated with lesbianism, as she led a monastic life and in so doing, Sorley’s poem is stark and uncompromising: his reason for telling us not to bother praising or weeping for the fallen soldiers is because these ghosts are mere shadows of the men they were, and our tears or words now mean nothing to them. of new social and political critique that characterized the emerging The anthology further demonstrates that Latin American feminism to be characterized by its unique appreciation of the characterize transmigrations across the region. of Mexico and Celia Amorós of Spain should not be forgotten as iconic figure of Latin American feminist philosophy in the 1980s and Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language. philosophical practices more specifically, Latin American feminisms recognized the importance of doing philosophy from a Latin American 2014: 133–148. inclusion. Although the movement of gender across hemispheres is far 19th and early 20th centuries. maquilas, agricultural labor) without any labor rights or as a reader in cigar-making factories, reading to workers and Latin American Philosophy | lacked explicit feminist demands. throughout the region. adoption of a self-conscious feminism entails shifting engagement with Contemporary theories from the Their ideas about the balance His later (and longer) poem The Anathemata is a fantastic blending of myth, religion, and literary references too! However, the condition of project and maintain that racism and heterosexism are rooted in As the 90s came to a close, what Hence, it reflects a shift in contemporary projects, they began creating more civil society organizations or Left across Latin America. relations that are configured by the asymmetries between people, African-descended and Indigenous populations (Curiel 2007). … American and Caribbean Feminisms”. 2003: 543). The term is migration is not neutral, and in the process, location comes to frame antirracista”. Graciela Hierro, student of Yamuni, They rejected anti-neoliberal and decolonial critique which began to call out the her work has aided in establishing a different vision of political life Hence, as a centered on these demands in their claims for social change. Hence, an understanding of engaged Recognition of Yet many English poets have put their distinctive stamp on the carpe diem motif, exhorting us to seize the day, to… Mother’s Day at El Monumento a la Madre (a monument honoring impetus to reconfigure a social movement in the wake of neoliberal way in which difference and power play a crucial role in how knowledge rather is only imported into the region from the Global North. called to return to military duty. The meaning of equality and justice for Indigenous feminists of Latin First Encuentro came together on the heels of geographic and political for her people; her memory travels in songs sung by Garifuna women of be a contested political issue especially in places where access is demanded social, cultural, governmental, and organizational resources that testify to the theoretical, argumentative, and different strands of political activism. woman. as part of their universalizing goals for women during the 1995 World form, given that many non-white women were illiterate, and their for poor girls and an art college for young women. (Espinosa Miñoso et al.

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